References & Endnotes
Key sources behind this guide — linked directly to the source where available
World Health Organization. "Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)." WHO Fact Sheet, 2024. ↩ back to text
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. "2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults." Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2018;71(19):e127-e248. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. "Exercise Training for Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of the American Heart Association, 2013;2(1):e004473. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, et al. "Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review." JAMA Cardiology, 2019;4(12):1287-1295. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. "Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement." Circulation, 2009;120(16):1640-1645. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. "Homeostasis Model Assessment: Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Function From Fasting Plasma Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Man." Diabetologia, 1985;28(7):412-419. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. "Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice." Circulation, 2003;107(3):499-511. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Tsimikas S. "A Test in Context: Lipoprotein(a): Diagnosis, Prognosis, Controversies, and Emerging Therapies." Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2017;69(6):692-711. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, et al. "Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Is Underdiagnosed and Undertreated in the General Population." European Heart Journal, 2013;34(45):3478-3490. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber W. "Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-Term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing." JAMA Network Open, 2018;1(6):e183605. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. "Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease With a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented With Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts." New England Journal of Medicine, 2018;378(25):e34. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. "A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure." New England Journal of Medicine, 1997;336(16):1117-1124. ↩ back to text
US Department of Health and Human Services. "Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General." Office of the Surgeon General, 2020. ↩ back to text
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. "Efficacy and Safety of More Intensive Lowering of LDL Cholesterol: A Meta-Analysis of Data From 170,000 Participants in 26 Randomised Trials." The Lancet, 2010;376(9753):1670-1681. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
McNeil JJ, Wolfe R, Woods RL, et al. "Effect of Aspirin on Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding in the Healthy Elderly." New England Journal of Medicine, 2018;379(16):1509-1518. View study ↗ ↩ back to text