References & Endnotes
Key sources behind this guide — linked directly to the source where available
Fehring RJ, Schneider M, Raviele K. "Variability in the Phases of the Menstrual Cycle." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 2006;35(3):376-384. ↩ see in text
McNulty KL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Ansdell P, Goodall S, Thomas K, Hicks KM. "The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise Performance in Eumenorrheic Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Sports Medicine, 2020;50(10):1813-1827. ↩ see in text
Trussell J. "Contraceptive Failure in the United States." Contraception, 2011;83(5):397-404. ↩ see in text
Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, et al. "Recommendations from the International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Human Reproduction, 2018;33(9):1602-1618. View study ↗ ↩ see in text
Dunaif A. "Insulin Resistance and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mechanism and Implications for Pathogenesis." Endocrine Reviews, 1997;18(6):774-800. View study ↗ ↩ see in text
Zondervan KT, Becker CM, Missmer SA. "Endometriosis." New England Journal of Medicine, 2020;382(13):1244-1256. ↩ see in text
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al. "The IOC Consensus Statement: Beyond the Female Athlete Triad — Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)." British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014;48(7):491-497. View study ↗ ↩ see in text
Marjoribanks J, Ayeleke RO, Farquhar C, Proctor M. "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Dysmenorrhoea." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015;7:CD001751. View study ↗ ↩ see in text
O'Hara MW, Wisner KL. "Perinatal Mental Illness: Definition, Description and Aetiology." Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2014;28(1):3-12. View study ↗ ↩ see in text
Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. "Duration of Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms Over the Menopause Transition." JAMA Internal Medicine, 2015;175(4):531-539. View study ↗ ↩ see in text
Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. "Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Health Outcomes During the Intervention and Extended Poststopping Phases of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials." JAMA, 2013;310(13):1353-1368. View study ↗ ↩ see in text
US Preventive Services Task Force. "Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Recommendation Statement." JAMA, 2025. ↩ see in text