References & Endnotes
Key sources behind this guide — linked directly to the source where available
Leproult R, Van Cauter E. "Effect of 1 Week of Sleep Restriction on Testosterone Levels in Young Healthy Men." JAMA, 2011;305(21):2173-2174. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. "Hormonal Responses and Adaptations to Resistance Exercise and Training." Sports Medicine, 2005;35(4):339-361. ↩ back to text
Prasad AS, Mantzoros CS, Beck FW, Hess JW, Brewer GJ. "Zinc Status and Serum Testosterone Levels of Healthy Adults." Nutrition, 1996;12(5):344-348. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, et al. "Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone Levels in Men." Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2011;43(3):223-225. ↩ back to text
Santi D, Cignarelli A, Baldi M, Sansone A, Spaggiari G, Simoni M, Corona G. "The Chronic Alcohol Consumption Influences the Gonadal Axis in Men: Results from a Meta-Analysis." Andrology, 2024. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Sarkola T, Eriksson CJ. "Testosterone Increases in Men After a Low Dose of Alcohol." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2003;27(4):682-685. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. "Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement." Thyroid, 2014;24(12):1670-1751. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Van Cauter E, Plat L. "Physiology of Growth Hormone Secretion During Sleep." Journal of Pediatrics, 1996;128(5 Pt 2):S32-S37. ↩ back to text
Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL, Vogelman JH. "Age Changes in Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Concentrations Throughout Adulthood." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 1984;59(3):551-555. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. "Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2018;103(5):1715-1744. View study ↗ ↩ back to text
Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, et al. "Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy." New England Journal of Medicine, 2023;389(2):107-117. ↩ back to text
Leisegang K, Finelli R, Sikka SC, Panner Selvam MK. "Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) Improves Serum Total Testosterone in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022. ↩ back to text